数字万用表是一种常用的测量仪表,是基本故障诊断的便携式装置,产品具有性能稳定、使用灵活、可靠性高、维护简便等优点。今天我们主要来介绍一下数字万用表的测量技巧,希望可以帮助用户更好的应用数字万用表产品。
数字万用表的测量技巧
1、测喇叭、耳机、动圈式话筒:
用R×1Ω档,任一表笔接一端,另一表笔点触另一端,正常时会发出清脆响量的“哒”声。如果不响,则是线圈断了,如果响声小而尖,则是有擦圈问题,也不能用。
2、测电容:
用电阻档,According to电容容量选择适当的量程,并注意测量时对于电解电容黑表笔要接电容正极。
①、估测微波法级电容容量的大小:可凭经验或参照相同容量的标准电容,According to指针摆动的最大幅度来判定。所参照的电容不必耐压值也一样,只要容量相同即可,例如估测一个100μF/250V的电容可用一个100μF/25V的电容来参照,只要它们指针摆动最大幅度一样,即可断定容量一样。
②、估测皮法级电容容量大小:要用R×10kΩ档,但只能测到1000pF以上的电容。对1000pF或稍大一点的电容,只要表针稍有摆动,即可认为容量够了。
③、测电容是否漏电:对一千微法以上的电容,可先用R×10Ω档将其快速充电,并初步估测电容容量,然后改到R×1kΩ档继续测一会儿,这时指针不应回返,而应停在或十分接近∞处,否则就是有漏电现象。对一些几十微法以下的定时或振荡电容(比如彩电开关电源的振荡电容),对其漏电特性要求非常高,只要稍有漏电就不能用,这时可在R×1kΩ档充完电后再改用R×10kΩ档继续测量,同样表针应停在∞处而不应回返。
3、在路测二极管、三极管、稳压管好坏:
因为在实际电路中,三极管的偏置电阻或二极管、稳压管的周边电阻一般都比较大,大都在几百几千欧姆以上,这样,我们就可以用万用表的R×10Ω或R×1Ω档来在路测量PN结的好坏。在路测量时,用R×10Ω档测PN结应有较明显的正反向特性(如果正反向电阻相差不太明显,可改用R×1Ω档来测),一般正向电阻在R×10Ω档测时表针应指示在200Ω左右,在R×1Ω档测时表针应指示在30Ω左右(According to不同表型可能略有出入)。如果测量结果正向阻值太大或反向阻值太小,都说明这个PN结有问题,这个管子也就有问题了。这种方法对于维修时特别有效,可以非常快速地找出坏管,甚至可以测出尚未完全坏掉但特性变坏的管子。比如当你用小阻值档测量某个PN结正向电阻过大,如果你把它焊下来用常用的R×1kΩ档再测,可能还是正常的,其实这个管子的特性已经变坏了,不能正常工作或不稳定了。
4、测电阻:
重要的是要选好量程,读数准确。要注意的是,在用R×10k电阻档测兆欧级的大阻值电阻时,不可将手指捏在电阻两端,这样人体电阻会使测量结果偏小。
5、测稳压二极管:
我们通常所用到的稳压管的稳压值一般都大于1.5V,而指针表的R×1k以下的电阻档是用表内的1.5V电池供电的,这样,用R×1k以下的电阻档测量稳压管就如同测二极管一样,具有完全的单向导电性。但指针表的R×10k档是用9V或15V电池供电的,在用R×10k测稳压值小于9V或15V的稳压管时,反向阻值就不会是∞,而是有一定阻值,但这个阻值还是要大大高于稳压管的正向阻值的。如此,我们就可以初步估测出稳压管的好坏。但是,好的稳压管还要有个准确的稳压值,业余条件下怎么估测出这个稳压值呢?不难,再去找一块指针表来就可以了。方法是:先将一块表置于R×10k档,其黑、红表笔分别接在稳压管的阴极和阳极,这时就模拟出稳压管的实际工作状态,再取另一块表置于电压档V×10V或V×50V(According to稳压值)上,将红、黑表笔分别搭接到刚才那块表的的黑、红表笔上,这时测出的电压值就基本上是这个稳压管的稳压值。说“基本上”,是因为第一块表对稳压管的偏置电流相对正常使用时的偏置电流稍小些,所以测出的稳压值会稍偏大一点,但基本相差不大。这个方法只可估测稳压值小于指针表高压电池电压的稳压管。如果稳压管的稳压值太高,就只能用外加电源的方法来测量了(这样看来,我们在选用指针表时,选用高压电池电压为15V的要比9V的更适用些)。
6、测三极管:
Usually we use the R×1kΩ file, whether it is an NPN tube or a PNP tube, whether it is a low-power, medium-power, or high-power tube, the be junction and the cb junction should show exactly the same unidirectional conductivity as the diode, and the reverse The resistance is infinite, and its forward resistance is about 10K. In order to further estimate the quality of the tube characteristics, if necessary, the resistance gear should be changed for multiple measurements. The method is: set the R×10Ω file to measure the forward conduction resistance of the PN junction at about 200Ω; set the R×1Ω file to measure The forward conduction resistance of the PN junction is about 30Ω, (the above is the data measured by the 47-type meter, other models are probably slightly different, you can test a few more good tubes to summarize, so that you know what you know) If the reading is too large If there are too many, it can be concluded that the characteristics of the pipe are not good. You can also put the meter at R×10kΩ and then measure again. For tubes with lower withstand voltage (basically, the withstand voltage of the triode is above 30V), the reverse resistance of the cb junction should also be ∞, but the reverse resistance of the be junction There may be some, and the hands of the watch will deflect slightly (generally not more than 1/3 of the full scale, depending on the pressure resistance of the tube). However, when measuring the resistance between ce or ec with a file below R×1kΩ, the indication of the meter head should be infinite, otherwise there is a problem with the tube. It should be noted that the above measurements are for silicon tubes, not for germanium tubes. In addition, the so-called "reverse" is for the PN junction, and the directions of the NPN tube and the PNP tube are actually different.
刘志强 - 《电子技术与软件工程》
严明忠 - 《中小企业管理与科技旬刊》
赵进春;杨世伟 - 《计量与测试技术》
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杨红英 - 《科技资讯》