This article mainly reports on the selection of additives for water-based ultra-thin steel structure fireproof coatings and the test of fire resistance performance. Through the selection of dispersants, thickeners, film-forming additives and pH regulators, fireproof coatings with excellent storage stability are prepared. The fire-resistant performance of the coating was tested with a blowtorch and a muffle furnace, and the coating with the optimized formula was sent to the National Fire-proof Building Materials Quality Supervision and Inspection Center for a large-scale fire-resistant performance test on large specimens.